Savremeni trendovi u dizajnu vozova velikih brzina

Abstract

Povećanje konkuretnosti železničkih transportnih sistema u odnosu na druge vidove transportnih sistema u poslednjih šezdeset godina rezultat je intenzivnog razvoja novih generacija brzih vozova. Ove vrste vozova ne samo da zadovoljavaju potrebe za povećanom brzinom prevoza, a tako i kraće vreme putovanja, već i zahteve za povećanje pouzdanosti, sigurnosti i direktne primene energetske efikasnosti na sam sistem transporta. Sa povećanjem brzine vozova, povećavaju se i otpori kretanja, pri čemu pri brzinama većim od 200 km/h udeo otpora vazduha postaje najdominantniji član. Jedna od najefikasnijih mera za smanjenje otpora vazduha, kao i ostalih negativnih posledica koje nastaju pri kretanju velikim brzinama, je razvoj aerodinamičkog oblika voza. U ovom radu su predstavljena neka od konstrukcionih rešenja koja utiču na aerodinamičke karakteristike vozova velikih brzina, pre svega oblik čeonog dela, kao i sličnosti i razlike pojedinih podsistema neophodnih za funkcionisanje savremenih železničkih sisteme vozova velikih brzina. Analizirana su dva pristupa rešavanja problema aerodinamičkog oblika voza i odgovarajuće infrastructure na primeru Japana i Francuske. Razmatrana su dva modela voza velikih brzina, Shinkansen (Japan) i TGV odnosno AGV (Francuska.).

Increased advantages of railway transportation systems over other types of transportation systems in the past sixty years have been a result of an intensive development of the new generations of high-speed trains. Not only do these types of trains comply with the need for increased speed of transportation and make the duration of the journey shorter, but they also meet the demands for increased reliability, safety and direct application of energy efficiency to the transportation system itself. Along with increased train speed, the motion resistance is increased as well, whereby at speeds over 200 km/h the proportion of air resistance becomes the most dominant member. One of the most efficient measures for reducing air resistance, as well as other negative consequences of high-speed motion, is the development of the aerodynamic shape of the train. This paper presents some construction solutions that affect the aerodynamic properties of high-speed trains, first and foremost, the nose shape, as well as the similarities and differences of individual subsystems necessary for the functioning of modern high-speed rail systems. We analysed two approaches to solving the problem of the aerodynamic shape of the train and the appropriate infrastructure using the examples of Japan and France. Two models of high-speed trains, Shinkansen (Japan) and TGV, i.e. AGV (France), have been discussed.