Pregled stanja vetroenergetskih tehnologija i tržišta vetroturbina u svetu

Abstract

U radu je dat pregled modernih vetroenergetskih tehnologija i trendova razvoja tržišta. Ukratko su opisani osnovni principi koverzije energije vetra u električnu energiju sa kratkim osvrtom na moderne konstrukcije podsklopova kao što su lopatice vetroturbina i agregati. Izvršen je pregled stanja vetroenergetike u svetu u cilju dobijanja predstave o budućem razvoju tržišta. Najrazvijenije države u pogledu iskorišćenja energije vetra, kao što su Danska, Nemačka, Španija i SAD identifikovane su kao glavni pokretači daljeg napredovanja vetroenergetike. Nakon dugog vođstva Evropske Unije u pogledu izgradnje vetroenergetskih kapaciteta na godišnjem nivou, Kina i SAD su preuzele vodeće pozicije u poslednjih nekoliko godina. Troškovi proizvodnje električne energije korišćenjem energije vetra su posle postepenog opadanja do 2005. godine zabeležile blagi rast usled visoke tražnje i viših cena repromaterijala. Procenjeno je da će troškovi proizvodnje električne energije iz energije vetra u budućnosti imati trend opadanja. U narednim godinama predviđa se stabilan rast vetroenergetskih kapaciteta, uz očekivanja da će sadašnji instalisani kapaciteti u svetu od oko 200 GW porasti do skoro 1 TW do 2020. godine.

The modern wind energy technologies and recent global wind energy market trends are reviewed in the paper. Basic principles of conversion of wind energy to electricity are described with brief overview of the state-of-the-art technologies for subassemblies such as wind turbine blades and drive trains. Global wind energy market was reviewed in order to attain notion of wind power market developments in the future. The most developed countries in terms of wind energy utilization such as Denmark, Germany, Spain and USA were identified as the key drivers of wind energy technology advances. After the long leadership of European Union in built annual wind power capacities, China and USA have overtook leading positions for the last several years. Wind energy costs per unit of electricity produced after gradual decrease until 2005 have recorded slight increase until the present due to high demand and higher raw materials price. It was predicted that the trend of the wind energy cost will decrease in the future. Steady growth of wind energy capacities was predicted in the next years, with forecast that present global installed capacities of nearly 200 GW should grow to almost one terawatt by the 2020.